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Sydney

Sydney is the most populous city in , with a metropolitan of approximately 4.28 million (2006 estimate).[1] It is the state capital of New South Wales, and was the site of the first British colony in . It was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by , leader of the First Fleet from Britain.[3] A resident of the city is referred to as a Sydneysider.

Sydney is situated on ’s south-east coast. The city is built around Port Jackson, which includes Sydney Harbour, leading to the city’s nickname, “the Harbour City”. It is noted for the and the , and its beaches. The metropolitan is surrounded by national parks, and contains many bays, rivers and inlets. It is listed as a city by the ’s 1999 inventory.[4] The city has hosted international sporting, political and cultural events, including the 1938 British , and the 2003 . In September 2007, the city hosted the leaders of the 21 APEC economies for APEC 2007, and in July 2008 hosted . The main airport serving Sydney is Sydney Airport.

Sydney is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, which reflects its role as a major destination for immigrants to .[5] According to the Mercer cost of living survey, Sydney is ’s most expensive city, and the 15th most expensive in the world.[6]

Main article: History of Sydney

Sydney circa 1828, looking north over towards the harbour
Sydney circa 1828, looking north over towards the harbour

suggests that the has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years.[7] When the First Fleet arrived in 1788, 4000 to 8000 Aboriginal people lived in the region. The British called them “Eora”,[8] because being asked where they came from, these people would answer: “Eora”, meaning in their language: “here”, or “from this place”. There were three language groups in the , which were divided into dialects spoken by smaller clans. The principal languages were Darug (the Cadigal, original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug), Dharawal and Guringai. Each clan had a territory; the location of that territory determined the resources available. Although urbanization has destroyed most evidence of these settlements (such as shell middens), Sydney and its environs have rock drawings and carvings because of the nature of the rock, Hawkesbury sandstone.[9]

In 1770, British sea captain Lieutenant James Cook landed in Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. It is here that James Cook made first contact with an Aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal[10].. Under instruction from the British government, a convict settlement was founded by , who arrived at Botany Bay with a fleet of 11 ships on 20 January 1788. This site was soon found to be unsuitable for habitation, owing to poor soil and a lack of reliable fresh water. Phillip founded the colony, further up the coast, at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. He named it after the British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, in recognition of Sydney’s role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony.[citation needed] In April 1789 a disease, thought to be smallpox, killed an estimated 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people between Broken Bay and Botany Bays.[8] There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior Pemulwuy in the around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the surrounding the Hawkesbury River. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and Governor Macquarie had begun initiatives to ‘civilize, Christianize and educate’ the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.[8]
The International Exhibition of 1879 at the Garden Palace
The International Exhibition of 1879 at the Garden Palace

Macquarie’s tenure as Governor of New South Wales was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by British and Irish convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from Britain and Ireland with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. On 20 July 1842 the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in , with Charles H. Chambers the first mayor.[11] The first of several gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a well in excess of one million. The Great Depression hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression era, however, was the completion of the Sydney in 1932.[12]

A rivalry has traditionally existed between Sydney and Melbourne since the gold rushes of the 1850s grew the capital of Victoria into ’s largest and richest city.[13] Sydney overtook Melbourne in in the early years of the 20th century,[14] and has remained the largest city in since this time. During the 1970s and 1980s Sydney’s CBD with the Reserve Bank and Australian Stock Exchange clearly surpassed Melbourne as the nation’s financial capital.[15] Throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following World War II, Sydney continued to expand as large numbers of European and later Asian immigrants populated the metropolitan . The culture brought about by immigrants was a major factor in the city’s diverse and highly cosmopolitan atmosphere.

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of Sydney

Image of Sydney taken by NASA RS satellite. The city centre is about a third of the way in on the south shore of the upper inlet, the Parramatta River, directly south of the Sydney
Image of Sydney taken by NASA RS satellite. The city centre is about a third of the way in on the south shore of the upper inlet, the Parramatta River, directly south of the Sydney

[edit] Topography

Sydney’s urban is in a coastal basin, which is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north and the Royal National Park to the south. It lies on a submergent coastline, where the ocean level has risen to flood deep river valleys (ria) carved in the hawkesbury sandstone. Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such ria and is the largest natural harbour in the world.[16] The Sydney is not affected by significant earthquakes. The urban has around 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach. Sydney’s urban covers 1,687 km2 (651 sq mi) as at 2001.[17] The Sydney Statistical , used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan [18] and covers 12,145 km2 (4,689 sq mi).[19] This includes the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains, and national parks and other unurbanised land.

Geographically, Sydney lies over two regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour and dissected by steep valleys. The parts of the city with the oldest European development are located in the flat areas south of the harbour. The was slower to develop because of its hilly topography and lack of access across the harbour. The Sydney was opened in 1932 and linked the to the rest of the city.

[

Sydney has a temperate, oceanic climate with warm summers and cool winters, and rainfall spread throughout the year.[20][21] The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range at Observatory Hill of 18.6-25.8 °C (65.5-78.4 °F) and an average of 14.6 days a year over 30 °C (86.0 °F). The maximum recorded temperature was 45.3 °C (113.5 °F) on 14 January 1939 at the end of a 4-day heat wave across .[22] The winter is mildly cool, with temperatures rarely dropping below 5 °C (41 °F) in coastal areas. The coldest month is July, with an average range of 8-16.2 °C (46.4-61.2 °F). The lowest recorded minimum at Observatory Hill was 2.1 °C (35.8 °F). Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate. The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1,217 mm (48 in), falling on an average 138 days a year.[23] Snowfall was last reported in the Sydney City in 1836.[24] However, a July 2008 fall of graupel, or soft hail, mistaken by many for snow, has raised the possibility that the 1836 event was not snow, either.[25]
Bondi Beach in Sydney’s east. Sydney’s hot weather in summer makes its beaches very popular.
Bondi Beach in Sydney’s east. Sydney’s hot weather in summer makes its beaches very popular.

The city is not affected by cyclones. The El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney’s weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2001–02 — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. One such storm was the 1999 hailstorm, which severely damaged Sydney’s eastern and city suburbs. The storm produced massive hailstones of at least 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and resulting in insurance losses of around AUD $1.7 billion in less than five hours.[26] The city is also prone to flash flooding from enormous amounts of rain caused by East Coast Lows (a low pressure depression which deepens off the state usually in winter and early spring which can bring significant damage by heavy rain, cyclonic winds and huge swells). The most notable event was the great Sydney flood which occurred on 6 August 1986 and dumped a record 327.6 mm (12.9 in) on the city in 24 hours. This caused major traffic problems and damage in many parts of the metropolitan .[27]

The Bureau of Meteorology has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 had an average daily maximum temperature of 23.39 °C, 2005 - 23.35 °C, 2002 - 22.91 °C and 2003 - 22.65 °C. The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was 21.6 °C (70.9 °F). For the first nine months of 2006 the mean temperature was 18.41 °C (65.1 °F); the warmest year previously was 2004 with 18.51 °C (65.32 °F). Since 2003, there have been only two months in which the average daily maximum was below average: March 2005 (about 1 °C below average)[28] and June 2006 (0.7 °C below average).[29]

The summer of 2007-08 proved to be one of the coolest on record. The Bureau of Meteorology reported that it was the coolest summer in 11 years, the wettest summer in six years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above 31 °C (88 °F).[30]
Climate Table       Jan     Feb     Mar     Apr     May     Jun     Jul     Aug     Sep     Oct     Nov     Dec     Year
Mean daily maximum temperature (°C)     25.8     25.7     24.7     22.4     19.3     16.9     16.2     17.7     19.9     22.0     23.6     25.1     21.6
Mean daily minimum temperature (°C)     18.6     18.7     17.5     14.7     11.5     9.2     8.0     8.9     11.0     13.5     15.5     17.5     13.7
Mean total rainfall (mm)     103.3     117.4     131.2     127.2     123.3     128.1     98.1     81.5     68.7     76.9     83.1     78.1     1217.0
Mean number of rain days     12.1     12.3     13.3     12.0     12.0     11.4     10.3     9.9     10.3     11.5     11.4     11.5     138.0
Source: Bureau of Meteorology

[edit] Urban structure

Eastern
Suburbs
Hills
District
Inner
West
Canterbury
Bankstown
Lower
North
Shore
Northern
Beaches
Port Jackson

Southern
Sydney
South-eastern
Sydney
South-western
Sydney
Sutherland
Shire
Botany
Bay

St George
Greater
Western
Sydney
Sydney
CBD
Bondi
Beach
Sydney Airport

See also: Buildings and architecture of Sydney, Heritage homes of Sydney, and Regions of Sydney

Sydney’s central business district (CBD) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres (1.25 mi) from Sydney Cove to the around Central station. The Sydney CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland, and the west by Darling Harbour, a tourist and nightlife precinct.

Although the CBD dominated the city’s business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since World War II. As a result, the of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60 per cent at the end of World War II to less than 30 per cent in 2004.[citation needed] Together with the commercial district of North Sydney, joined to the CBD by the , the most significant outer business districts are Parramatta[31] in the central-west, Penrith[32] in the west, Bondi Junction in the east, Liverpool[33] in the southwest, Chatswood to the north, and Hurstville to the south.
Sydney’s
Sydney’s

The extensive covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into 642 [34] suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as 40 [35] local government areas. There is no city-wide government, but the Government of New South Wales and its agencies have extensive responsibilities in providing metropolitan services.[36] The City of Sydney itself covers a fairly small comprising the central business district and its neighbouring inner-city suburbs. In addition, regional descriptions are used informally to conveniently describe larger sections of the urban . These include , Hills District, Inner West, Canterbury-Bankstown, Lower , Northern Beaches, Northern Suburbs, , St George, Southern Sydney, South-eastern Sydney, South-western Sydney, Sutherland Shire and Western Sydney. However, many suburbs are not conveniently covered by any of these categories.

[edit] Economy
Sydney Central Business District at Night
Sydney Central Business District at Night

Main article: Economy of Sydney

The largest economic sectors in Sydney, as measured by the number of people employed, include property and business services, retail, manufacturing, and health and community services.[37] Since the 1980s, jobs have moved from manufacturing to the services and information sectors. Sydney provides approximately 25 percent of the country’s total GDP.[38] The Australian Securities Exchange and the Reserve Bank of are located in Sydney, as are the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of ’s top companies, and the regional headquarters for around 500 multinational corporations.[38] Of the ten largest corporations in (based on revenue),[39] four have headquarters in Sydney (Caltex , the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and Woolworths). Fox Studios has large movie studios in the city. The Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE) is one of the Asia Pacific’s largest financial futures and options exchanges, with 64.3 million contracts traded during 2005. It is the 12th largest futures market in the world and the 19th largest including options.[40]

The city has the highest median household income of any major city in (US$42,559 PPP). As of 2004, the unemployment rate in Sydney was 4.9 percent.[41] According to The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Worldwide cost of living survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world, while a UBS survey ranks Sydney as 18th in the world in terms of net earnings.[42] As of 20 September 2007, Sydney has the highest median house price of any Australian capital city at $559,000.[43] Sydney also has the highest median rent prices of any Australian city at $450 a week. A report published by the in 2005, shows that has the ’s highest prices when measured against rental yields.[44] Sydney has been classified as a “Beta” global city by the and World Cities Study and Network.[45]

Shopping locations in the central business district include the Queen Victoria Building, the pedestrian mall on Pitt Street, and international luxury boutiques in the quieter, northern end of Castlereagh St. Oxford Street in Paddington and Crown Street, Woollahra are home to boutiques selling more niche products, and the main streets of and Enmore cater more towards students and alternative lifestyles. Many of the large regional centres around the metropolitan also contain large shopping complexes, such as Parramatta in Western Sydney, Bondi Junction in the and Chatswood on the , most of which are Westfield brand shopping centres.

Sydney received 7.8 million domestic visitors and 2.5 million international visitors in 2004.[46]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Sydney

Significant overseas born populations[47]
Country of Birth     (2006)
    175,165
People’s Republic of China     109,143
New Zealand     81,064
Vietnam     62,144
Lebanon     53,501
    52,974
Philippines     52,087
Italy     44,562
Hong Kong     36,867
    32,125
Greece     32,021
    28,429
Fiji     26,929
Malaysia     21,213
    20,560
Iraq     20,217
    19,363
Sri Lanka     17,917
United States     16,339
    16,238
    15,500
    14,680
Republic of Ireland     14,063
Poland     12,514
Rep. Macedonia     11,630

The 2006 census reported 4,119,190 residents in the Sydney Statistical ,[48] of which 3,641,422 lived in Sydney’s urban .[49] Inner Sydney was the most densely populated place in with 4,023 persons per square kilometre.[50] The statistical is larger in than the urban , as it allows for predicted growth. A resident of Sydney is commonly referred to as a “Sydneysider”.[51]
Arch in Cabramatta, a suburb home to a large of Sydney’s Vietnamese
Arch in Cabramatta, a suburb home to a large of Sydney’s Vietnamese

In the 2006 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were Australian, English, Irish, Scottish and Chinese. The Census also recorded that two per cent of Sydney’s identified as being of indigenous origin and 31.7 per cent[48] were born overseas. The three major sources of immigrants are the , China and New Zealand.[48] Significant numbers of immigrants also came from Vietnam, Lebanon, Italy, and the Philippines. Most Sydneysiders are native speakers of English; many have a second language, the most common being Arabic (predominately Lebanese), Chinese languages (mostly Mandarin or Cantonese), and Italian.[48] Sydney has the seventh largest percentage of a foreign born in the world, ahead of cities such as the highly multicultural London and .[52]

The median age of a Sydney resident is 34, with 12 per cent of the over 65 years.[41] 15.2 per cent of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor’s degree,[53] which is lower than the national average of 19 per cent.[citation needed]

In the 2006 census, 64 per cent of the Sydney residents identified as Christians, 14.1 per cent had no religion, 10.4 per cent left the question blank, 3.9 per cent were Muslims, 3.7 per cent were Buddhists, 1.7 per cent were Hindus and 0.9 per cent were Jews[47].

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Sydney

Sydney hosts many different festivals and some of ’s largest social and cultural events. These include the Sydney Festival, ’s largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Biennale of Sydney, established in 1973; the Big Day Out, a travelling rock music festival which originated in Sydney; the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras along Oxford Street; the Sydney Film Festival and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film Tropfest and Flickerfest. ’s premier prize for portraiture, the Archibald Prize is organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The Sydney Royal Easter Show is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park, the final of Australian Idol takes place on the steps of the House, and Australian Fashion Week takes place in April/May. Also, Sydney’s New Years Eve and Day celebrations are the largest in .

[edit] Entertainment and performing arts
The Waifs’ concert at the Turbine Hall on Cockatoo Island for the Cockatoo Island Festival
The Waifs’ concert at the Turbine Hall on Cockatoo Island for the Cockatoo Island Festival

Sydney has a wide variety of cultural institutions. Sydney’s iconic House has five theatres capable of hosting a range of performance styles; it is the home of —the third busiest in the world, and the Sydney Symphony.[54] Other venues include the Sydney Town Hall, City Recital Hall, the State , the Royal , and the Wharf .
Concert Hall
Concert Hall

The Sydney Dance under the leadership of Graeme Murphy during the late 20th century has also gained acclaim. The Sydney has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted playwright David Williamson, classics and international playwrights.
at the world famous Taronga Zoo
at the world famous Taronga Zoo

In 2007, New () celebrated 75 years of continuous production in Sydney. Other important companies in Sydney include B and Griffin . From the 1940s through to the 1970s the Sydney Push, a of authors and political activists whose members included Germaine Greer, influenced the city’s cultural life.

The National Institute of Dramatic Art, based in Kensington, boasts internationally famous alumni such as Mel Gibson, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Cate Blanchett. Sydney’s role in the film industry has increased since the opening of Fox Studios in 1998. Prominent films which have been filmed in the city include Moulin Rouge!, Mission Impossible II, Star Wars episodes II and III, Superman Returns, Dark City, Son of the Mask, Stealth, Dil Chahta Hai, Happy Feet and The Matrix. Films using Sydney as a setting include Finding Nemo, Strictly Ballroom, Mission Impossible II, Muriel’s Wedding, Our Lips Are Sealed, Independence Day and Dirty Deeds. Many Bollywood movies have also been filmed in Sydney including Singh Is Kinng, Bachna Ae Haseeno, Chak De , Heyy Babyy. As of 2006, over 229 films have been set in, or featured Sydney.[55]

Sydney’s most popular nightspots include Kings Cross, Oxford Street, Darling Harbour, Circular Quay and The Rocks which all contain various bars, nightclubs and restaurants. Star City Casino, is Sydney’s only casino and is situated around Darling Harbour. There are also many traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner city areas such as , Balmain and Leichhardt. Sydney’s main live music hubs include areas such as and Annandale, which nurtured acts such as AC/DC, Midnight Oil and INXS. Other popular nightspots tend to be spread throughout the city in areas such as Bondi, Manly, Cronulla and Parramatta.

[edit] Tourism
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Art Gallery of New South Wales

Main article: Tourism in Sydney
See also: List of attractions in Sydney, List of museums in Sydney, and List of markets in Sydney

Sydney has several popular museums. The biggest are the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum.

[edit] Sport and outdoor activities
Born in Sydney, Dally Messenger is regarded as one of the greatest rugby league players in the history of the sport.
Born in Sydney, Dally Messenger is regarded as one of the greatest rugby league players in the history of the sport.

Sport in Sydney is an important part of the culture. The is well endowed with open spaces and access to waterways, and has many natural areas even within the city centre. Within the Sydney central business district are the Chinese Garden of Friendship, , The Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The metropolitan contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world and several parks in Sydney’s far west which are part of the World Heritage listed Greater Blue Mountains .[56]

The most popular sport in Sydney is Rugby League. The sport was brought from England to Sydney before expanding to the rest of . The city is home to nine of the sixteen teams in the National Rugby League domestic competition. These are Canterbury Bulldogs, Cronulla Sharks, Manly Sea Eagles, Penrith Panthers, Parramatta Eels, South Sydney Rabbitohs, St George Illawarra Dragons, Sydney Roosters and Wests Tigers. Despite the final of the 2008 Rugby League World Cup being held in Brisbane, Sydney will host eight World Cup games including one of the Semi-Finals.
Randwick Racecourse hosts many of Sydney’s horseracing events
Randwick Racecourse hosts many of Sydney’s horseracing events

Sydney is home to the Australian Football League’s Sydney Swans and the A-League’s Sydney FC. The city is represented by one team called the Sydney Spirit in the National Basketball League, netball’s New South Wales Swifts and is the base for New South Wales teams in the Super 14 (NSW Waratahs) and Sheffield Shield (Blues) competitions. Large sporting events, such as the NRL Grand Final, are regularly held at the ANZ Stadium, the main stadium for the . Other events in Sydney include the start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, the Golden Slipper horse race, and the City to Surf foot race. Sydney is also home to one of ’s premier motorsport venues, Eastern Creek International Raceway.

[edit] Media

Main article: Media in Sydney

Sydney has two main daily newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald is a broadsheet, and is Sydney’s newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in , having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald’s competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a News Corporation-owned tabloid. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph, respectively.
Seven Network broadcasting dishes in Epping.
Seven Network broadcasting dishes in Epping.

The four commercial television networks (Seven, Nine, Ten) and TVS, as well as the government national broadcast services (ABC and SBS) each have a presence in Sydney. Historically, the networks have been based in the northern suburbs, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. Nine has kept its headquarters north of the harbour, in Willoughby. Ten has its studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont, and Seven also has headquarters in Pyrmont, production studios at Epping as well as a purpose-built news studio in Martin Place in the CBD. The ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo and SBS has its studios at Artarmon. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban . The five free-to-air networks have provided digital television transmissions in Sydney since January 2000. Additional services recently introduced include the ABC’s second channel ABC2 (Channel 22), SBS’s world news service SBS2 (Channel 33), an on-air program guide (Channel 4), a news, sport, and weather items channel (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45),[57] Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts (Channel 401 to 408).

Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney . The local ABC radio station is 702 ABC Sydney (formerly 2BL). The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2UE. Popular music stations include Triple M, 2Day FM and Nova 96.9, which generally targets people under 40. In the older end of the music radio market, Vega and MIX 106.5 target the 25 to 54 age , while WS-FM targets the 40 to 54 age with their Classic Hits format mostly focusing on the 70s & 80s. Triple J (national), 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language or local .

Certain areas in Sydney are also being used for tests of digital radio broadcasting,[58] which the government plans to roll out in the future to replace the existing analogue AM and FM networks in much the same way as they are doing with analogue and digital television at present.

[edit] Governance
Sydney’s Local Government Areas
Sydney’s Local Government Areas
The Town Hall, seat of the City Council
The Town Hall, seat of the City Council

Apart from the limited role of the Cumberland County Council from 1945–1964, there has never been an overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan ; instead, the metropolitan is divided into local government areas (LGAs). These areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the New South Wales State Government, such as planning and garbage collection.

The City of Sydney includes the central business and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as South Sydney. It is led by the elected Lord Mayor of Sydney and a council. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city, for example during the Olympics.

Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because a large of New South Wales’ lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both State and Federal Parliaments. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the New South Wales Parliament at the time.[59]

The 38 LGAs commonly described as making up Sydney are:

* Ashfield
* Auburn
* Bankstown
* Baulkham Hills
* Blacktown
* Botany Bay
* Burwood

* Camden
* Campbelltown
* Canada Bay
* Canterbury
* Fairfield
* Holroyd
* Hornsby

* Hunter’s Hill
* Hurstville
* Kogarah
* Ku-ring-gai
* Lane Cove
* Leichhardt
* Liverpool

* Manly
* Marrickville
* Mosman
* North Sydney
* Parramatta
* Penrith
* Pittwater

* Randwick
* Rockdale
* Ryde
* Strathfield
* Sutherland
* Sydney
* Warringah

* Waverley
* Willoughby
* Woollahra

Different organisations have varying definitions of which councils make up Sydney. The Local Government Association of New South Wales considers all LGAs lying entirely in Cumberland County as part of its ‘Metro’ , which excludes Camden (classed in its ‘Country’ ).[60] The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a Sydney Statistical (the figures of which are used in this article) that includes all of the above councils as well as Wollondilly, the Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury, Gosford and Wyong.[61]

[edit] Education
The University of Sydney established in 1850, is the oldest university in
The University of Sydney established in 1850, is the oldest university in

Main article: Education in Sydney

Sydney is home to some of ’s most prominent universities, and is the site of ’s first university, the University of Sydney, established in 1850. There are five other public universities operating primarily in Sydney: the Australian Catholic University (two out of six campuses), Macquarie University, University of New South Wales, the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of Western Sydney. Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the University of Notre Dame and the University of Wollongong.

There are four multi-campus government-funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes in Sydney, which provide vocational training at a tertiary level: the Sydney Institute of Technology, Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE, Western Sydney Institute of TAFE and South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.

Sydney has public, denominational and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training. There are four state-administered education areas in Sydney, that together co-ordinate 919 schools.[citation needed] Of the 30 selective high schools in the state, 25 are in Sydney.[62]

[edit] Infrastructure

[edit] Health systems

The Government of New South Wales operates the public hospitals in the Sydney metropolitan region. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities is coordinated by 4 Health Services: Sydney South West (SSWAHS), Sydney West (SWAHS), Northern Sydney and Central Coast (NSCCAHS) and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra (SESIAHS) Health Services. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city, many of which are aligned with religious organisations.

[edit] Transport
Circular Quay, the main ferry terminal in Sydney
Circular Quay, the main ferry terminal in Sydney

Main article: Public transport in Sydney

Most Sydney residents travel by car through the system of roads, and motorways. The most important trunk routes in the urban form the nine Metroad systems, which includes the 110 km (68 mi) Sydney Orbital Network. Sydney is also served by extensive train, taxi, bus and ferry networks.

Sydney trains are run by CityRail, a corporation of the New South Wales State Government. Trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the central business district. In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail’s performance declined significantly.[63] In 2005, CityRail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers.[64] A large infrastructure project, the Clearways project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010.[65][66][67] In 2007 a report found Cityrail performed poorly compared to many metro services from other world cities.[68]
An EDI M-set (Millennium) train at Sydney’s Central Station.
An EDI M-set (Millennium) train at Sydney’s Central Station.

Sydney has one privately operated light rail line, the Metro Light Rail, running from Central Station to Lilyfield along a former goods train line. There is also a small monorail which runs in a loop around the main shopping district and Darling Harbour. Sydney was once served by an extensive tram network, which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most parts of the metropolitan are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1961 tram routes. In the city and inner suburbs the state-owned Sydney Buses has a monopoly. In the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. Construction of a network of rapid bus transitways in areas not previously well served by public transport began in 1999, and the first of these, the Liverpool-Parramatta Rapid Bus Transitway opened in February 2003. Sydney Ferries, another State government-owned organisation, runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River.

Sydney Airport, located in the suburb of Mascot, is Sydney’s main airport, and is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world [69]. The smaller Bankstown Airport mainly serves private and general aviation. There are light aviation airfields at Hoxton Park and Camden. RAAF Base Richmond lies to the north-west of the city. The question of the need for a Second Sydney Airport has raised much controversy. A 2003 study found that Sydney Airport can manage as Sydney’s sole international airport for 20 years with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted.[70] The resulting expansion of the airport would have a substantial impact on the community, including additional aircraft noise affecting residents. Land has been acquired at Badgerys Creek for a second airport, the site acting as a focal point of political argument.[71]

[edit] Utilities

Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority, which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to Sydney Water and other agencies. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Blue Mountains, Woronora Dam, Warragamba Dam and the Shoalhaven Scheme.[72] Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the NSW government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Kurnell.[73] Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewage produced by the city.

Three companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney: Energy , AGL and Integral Energy. Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services.

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