Cairns
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Cairns is a regional city and Local Government Area located in Queensland, Australia. Originally settled in 1876, and named after William Wellington Cairns (the then Governor of Queensland) to serve miners heading for the Hodgkinson River goldfield, the settlement declined when an easier route was discovered from Port Douglas. However, Cairns’ future was secured as it developed into a railhead and major port for the exportation of sugar cane, gold, precious metals and agricultural industries from the surrounding coastal and Tableland regions. The city is rapidly expanding, with a population of 122,731 (as of 2006) Tourism is the largest income producer for the region, followed closely by the sugar industry.[1]
Cairns lies about 1,701 km (1,057 mi) from Brisbane and about 2,420 km (1,504 mi) from Sydney by road. It is a popular travel destination for foreign tourists because of its tropical climate and proximity to many attractions. The Great Barrier Reef can be reached in less than an hour by boat. The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130 kilometres (80 miles) north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest. It is also a starting point for people wanting to explore Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.
The city has used its natural surroundings to its advantage with the construction of several small theme parks for tourists. Among them are Rainforestation nature park, the Tjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park and the Kuranda Skyrail Gondola Cableway, which extends for 7.5 km (4.7 mi) over World Heritage rainforest.
A major landmark on the Cairns esplanade is a swimming lagoon, with adjoining Barbecue areas, and giant fish sculptures. In May 2003, the then Cairns Mayor Kevin Byrne declared that topless sunbaking is permitted here as the area is a gathering point for people from around the world who may wish to do so.[4][5] A boardwalk allows pedestrians and cyclists to move along the foreshore from the Lagoon in a sustainable manner.
[edit] Geography
Location of Cairns in Queensland (red)
Location of Cairns in Queensland (red)
Cairns, view of the foreshore.
Cairns, view of the foreshore.
The Mulgrave River running through the Goldsbrough Valley to the south of Gordonvale.
The Mulgrave River running through the Goldsbrough Valley to the south of Gordonvale.
Skyrail Rainforest Cableway over the rainforest.
Skyrail Rainforest Cableway over the rainforest.
Cairns is located on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula on a coastal strip between the Coral Sea and the Great Dividing Range. The northern part of the city is located on Trinity Bay and the city centre is located on Trinity inlet. Some of the city’s suburbs are located on flood plains. The Mulgrave River and Barron River flow within the city’s boundary but not through the city itself. The city centre’s foreshore is located on a mud flat.
[edit] Urban layout
Cairns is a provincial city and has a linear urban layout that runs from the south, at Aloomba, to the north, at Ellis Beach.[6] The city is approximately 52 km (32 mi) from north to south. Cairns has experienced recent urban sprawl, with suburbs occupying land previously used for sugar cane farming.
Regions of the city are:
The Northern Beaches are low in elevation and consist of a number of beach communities extending north along the coast. In general, each beach suburb is located at the end of a spur road extending from the Captain Cook Highway. From south to north, these are Machans Beach, Holloways Beach, Yorkeys Knob, Trinity Park, Trinity Beach, Kewarra Beach, Clifton Beach, Palm Cove and Ellis Beach.
The suburb of Smithfield is located inland and against the mountains of the Great Dividing Range and serves as the main centre for the Northern Beaches. It is located between Yorkey’s Knob and Trinity Park. Smithfield is the main hub for the Northern Beaches with the large Smithfield Centre which has recently been refurbished for a more modern feel. The Kennedy Highway starts at the Kennedy Highway/Captain Cook Highway intersection which is currently a large roundabout but has plans for an overpass with the Kennedy Range Motorway which will run from Smithfield to Kuranda.
Located inland from the Northern Beaches along the edge of the Barron River flood plain are the suburbs of Caravonica, Lake Placid, Kamerunga, Stratford, and Freshwater. This area is sometimes referred to as Freshwater Valley. Further up Freshwater Valley is Redlynch Valley. The suburb of Redlynch is located on the western side of Redlynch Valley, and Brinsmead lies on the eastern side. Stratford, Freshwater, Redlynch and Brinsmead are separated from Cairns city by Mount Whitfield (elevation 365 m) and Whitfield Range. Crystal Cascades and Copperlode Dam are also located behind this range. This area is serviced by the Redlynch Central Shopping Centre, a new shopping centre with only Woolworths at the moment which is located in the fast growing area of the Redlynch Valley. This shopping centre is also due to be expanded in the future.[citation needed]
Cairns City, located on what once was swamp, is in close proximity to the suburbs of Cairns North, Manunda, Edge Hill, Whitfield, Kanimbla, Parramatta Park, Mooroobool, Manoora, Portsmith, Earlville, Westcourt, Bungalow, Woree and Bayview Heights. The small suburb of Aeroglen is pressed between Mount Whitfield and the airport on the Captain Cook Highway north of the central business district towards Smithfield.
Southside Cairns, which is higher in elevation and is situated in a mountainous valley, includes the suburbs of White Rock, Mount Sheridan, Bentley Park, Wrights Creek, Edmonton and Centenary Heights, and the townships of Babinda, Goldsborough, Little Mulgrave, Aloomba and Gordonvale, which is located on the Mulgrave River. The southern strip of Cairns is populated along a small skinny area between the Trinity Inlet to the east and the Lamb Range to the west. It is serviced by the Bruce Highway which is also due to be developed into a motorway between Woree and Grodonvale due to increasing traffic congestion.[citation needed]
The town of Kuranda is located upstream on the Barron River on the western side of the Kuranda Range, part of the Great Dividing Range. Kuranda is located in the Tablelands local government area and, due to the geography of the Kuranda Range, is not part of the Cairns urban area, however it forms part of the Cairns economic catchment. In early 2007, the Cairns City Council expressed interest in assuming responsibility for the administration of Kuranda, as well as Port Douglas.[7]
[edit] History
Main article: History of Cairns, Queensland
Cairns is situated on the Indigenous Australian people’s tribal lands of the Irukandji.
The future site of Cairns was first sighted by Captain James Cook in 1770. Closer investigation by several official expeditions 100 years later recognised its potential for development into a port. Hastened by the need to export gold discovered on the tablelands to the west of the inlet Cairns was founded in 1876. The land on which the settlement was hewn initially consisted of mangrove swamps which were gradually cleared by labourers and sand ridges which were slowly filled in with ballast from a quarry at Edge Hill, dried mud, sawdust from several local sawmills and debris collected from the construction of a railway to Herberton on the Atherton Tablelands, a project which started in 1886. The railway opened up land that was later used for agriculture on the lowlands (sugar cane, corn, rice, bananas, pineapples) and fruit and dairy on the Tablelands. The success of local agriculture helped Cairns come into its own as a port and the creation of a harbour board in 1906 meant its economic future was assured.
During World War II, Cairns was used by the Allied Forces as a staging base for operations in the Pacific.
After World War II, Cairns slowly reinvented itself as a centre for tourism. The opening of the Cairns International Airport in 1984 and the building of the Cairns Convention Centre established the city’s overseas reputation as a desirable destination for the holiday and business conference markets.
[edit] Climate
Climate chart
Climate chart
Cairns – the tropical city (view nearby the lagoon)
Cairns – the tropical city (view nearby the lagoon)
Cairns experiences a warm tropical climate. It experiences a wet season with tropical monsoons between December and April and a dry season between May and November, which, however, is not completely dry like in most of tropical Australia: there are frequent showers for most of this period. Mean rainfall of Cairns is 1,992.8 millimetres (78 in).[8] The township of Babinda at the southern end of the city is one of Australia’s wettest towns, recording an annual rainfall of over 4,200 millimetres (165 in). It has hot humid summers and milder temperatures in winter. The temperature varies from a mean temperature of 25.7 °C (78 °F) in July to 31.4 °C (89 °F) in January. Monsoonal activity during the wet season occasionally causes major flooding of the Barron and Mulgrave Rivers, cutting off road and rail access to the city.
Climate Table Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum temperature (°C) 31.4 31.2 30.6 29.2 27.6 25.9 25.7 26.5 28.0 29.5 30.6 31.4 29.0
Mean daily minimum temperature (°C) 23.7 23.7 23.0 21.6 19.9 17.8 17.0 17.4 18.6 20.6 22.3 23.4 20.8
Mean total rainfall (mm) 385.0 448.5 419.5 202.1 92.2 47.2 29.3 27.7 33.8 39.2 92.2 179.8 1994.8
Mean number of rain days 15.3 16.7 15.9 15.2 10.5 7.1 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 7.7 10.6 119.9
Mean number of clear days 3.8 2.6 4.0 5.0 6.7 8.7 9.9 11.6 12.4 11.8 7.9 5.6 90.0
Mean number of cloudy days 16.1 17.3 16.3 14.0 12.5 10.3 9.8 7.5 5.6 5.3 7.5 11.7 133.9
Source: Bureau of Meteorology
Cairns Lagoon in Cairns City, under public surveillance.
Cairns Lagoon in Cairns City, under public surveillance.
[edit] Tropical cyclones
Like most of North and Far North Queensland, Cairns is prone to Tropical Cyclones, usually forming between November and May.
Notable cyclones that have affected the Cairns Region include:
* Cyclone Larry, 2006 - see below for detail for Cairns region and City.
* Cyclone Abigail, 2001
* Cyclone Steve, 2000
* Cyclone Rona, 1999
* Cyclone Justin, 1997
[edit] Cyclone Larry
Main article: Cyclone Larry
Tropical Cyclone Larry struck areas to the south of Cairns at 7 a.m. on 20 March 2006. Cyclone Larry crossed land near the town of Innisfail, 100 km (62 mi) south of Cairns as a category five cyclone. It was downgraded to a category four cyclone shortly before midday, and further downgraded to a category three cyclone a few hours later. Wind gusts of up to 300 km/h (190 mph) have been recorded around the Cairns region, with wind gusts up to 180 km/h (112 mph) reported in the City. It is estimated that about one in four houses in Cairns and surrounding areas have been affected by Cyclone Larry.
[edit] Governance
View of Cairns from Lake Morris with the Yarrabah peninsula in the background.
View of Cairns from Lake Morris with the Yarrabah peninsula in the background.
Cairns is governed by the Cairns Regional Council. The Council consists of a directly elected mayor and ten councillors, elected from ten single-member divisions (or wards) using an optional preferential voting system. Elections are held every four years.
The Cairns Regional Council local government area consists of three former local government areas. The first was the original City of Cairns, consisting of the Cairns City region as listed above. The second, which was amalgamated in 1995, was the Shire of Mulgrave (comprising the other areas, namely the Northern Beaches, Freshwater and Redlynch Valleys, and Southside). The town of Gordonvale was once called Mulgrave. The third area is the Shire of Douglas, which amalgamated in 2008 during major statewide local government reforms.
At the time of the 1995 amalgamation, Cairns City had a population of approximately 40,000 and Mulgrave Shire had a population of approximately 60,000. Both local government authorities had chambers in the Cairns CBD. The old Cairns City Council chambers located on Abbott Street has been converted into a new city library. The old Mulgrave Shire Chambers were located on the Cairns Esplanade. In a controversial decision,[9] New council chambers were constructed on previously industrial contaminated land in the mainly industrial suburb of Portsmith.
Cairns has four representatives in the Queensland Parliament, from the electoral districts of Cook, Barron River, Cairns and Mulgrave. The city is represented in the Federal Parliament by representatives elected from the districts of Leichhardt and Kennedy.
Prior to the abolition of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), the Indigenous people in Cairns were represented by the Cairns and District Regional Council. The Council has twelve Councillors, who elected a Chair from among them - Terry O’Shane was the last Chair. The Cairns area was represented on ATSIC by the Commissioner for Queensland North Zone. The last Commissioner for Queensland North was Lionel Quartermaine who also served as ATSIC’s Deputy Chair.
[edit] Economy
Cairns at night; the wharves. The casino’s dome can be seen in the background.
Cairns at night; the wharves. The casino’s dome can be seen in the background.
Cairns serves as the major commercial centre for the Far North Queensland and Cape York Peninsula Regions. It is a base for the regional offices of many government departments.
[edit] Commercial
Cairns Pier
Cairns Pier
The suburbs of Cairns contain a number of shopping centres of various sizes. The largest of these are the Cairns Central shopping centre, located in the central business district, and Stockland Cairns, located in the suburb of Earlville.
The city is currently beginning to become a bigger economical centre in not just tourism, but in services as well with many new office towers being built and planned for the near future including the Cairns Corporate Tower #2.
[edit] Media
The Cairns Post is a daily newspaper published in the city; a weekly paper, The Cairns Sun, is also published. The Courier-Mail is a daily Queensland-wide newspaper published in Brisbane. The Australian newspaper also circulates widely.
Cairns Newspapers publishes independent suburban newspapers - the Cairns Northern News and the Southern Herald - which circulate suburbs from Palm Cove in the north to Gordonvale in the south.
Cairns is served by regional affiliates of the three Australian commercial television networks (Ten, Nine and Seven) and the two public broadcasters (ABC and SBS). Austar Limited provides subscription satellite TV services.
Cairns radio stations include a number of public, commercial and community broadcasters. The ABC broadcasts ABC Radio National, ABC Local, ABC Classic FM and the Triple J youth network. Commercial radio stations include 4CA-FM, AM846, HOT FM, SeaFM, 4CCR-FM, 87.6 XFM, 98.7FM, 101.9 Coast FM, and 104.3 4TAB sports radio.
[edit] Industry and agriculture
The land around Cairns is still used for sugar cane farming, although this land is increasingly under pressure from new suburbs as the city grows. Within the Cairns City Council area, sugar mills operate in Gordonvale and Babinda.
The Barron Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station is located nearby in Kuranda and provides green power for some of the city’s needs.
[edit] Tourism
Tourism plays a major part in the Cairns economy. According to Tourism Australia, Cairns is the fourth most popular destination for international tourists in Australia after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.[10] While the city does not rank amongst Australia’s top 10 destinations for domestic tourism, it attracts a number of Australian holiday makers given its distance from major capitals.[11] The city’s proximity to the Great Barrier Reef, the Wet Tropics of Queensland, and the Atherton Tablelands makes it a popular destination. The city contains hundreds of hotels, resorts, motels and backpackers hostels. Activities in the region include golf, white water rafting, cruises to Great Barrier Reef and coach tours to the Daintree Rainforest, Atherton Tablelands and Paronella Park. There are also scenic flights, day trips to Kuranda, crocodile farms, and a food and wine tour visiting tropical fruit wineries.
[edit] Transport
Cairns is an important transport hub in the Far North Queensland region. Located at the base of Cape York Peninsula, it provides important transport links between the Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria regions and the areas to the south of the state. Cairns International Airport is essential to the viability of the area’s tourism industry.
[edit] Roads
The Bruce Highway in Cairns southern suburbs at morning peak hour.
The Bruce Highway in Cairns southern suburbs at morning peak hour.
The Bruce Highway runs for 1,700 km (1,056 mi) from Brisbane and terminates in Cairns on the corner of Mulgrave Roads and Sheridan Streets in the CBD. At this point, the Captain Cook Highway (also referred to as the Cook Highway), between Cairns and Port Douglas approximately 70 km (43 mi) to the northwest, commences.
A need for future upgrades to the Bruce Highway to motorway standards through the southern suburbs to Gordonvale has been identified in regional planning strategies to cope with increasing congestion from rapid population growth. This will result with overpasses at all major intersections between Ray Jones Drive in Woree and Riverstone Road in Gordonvale. The motorway will not take the old route along the highway through Edmonton but will follow a bypass that will travel from the Roberts Road intersection at Bently Park to the intersection of Hill Road and the Bruce Highway north of Gordonvale to ease noise from cars in Edmonton. There will also be overpasses at these intersections.[12]
The Kennedy Highway commences at Smithfield on the Barron River flood plain north of Cairns and ascends the Kuranda Range to the township of Kuranda. The highway then extends to the town of Mareeba on the Atherton Tableland, and continues to communities of Cape York Peninsula
The Gillies Highway commences at the township of Gordonvale and ascends the Gillies Range (part of the Great Dividing Range) to the town of Atherton on the Atherton Tableland, passing through the township of Yungaburra on the way.
The controversial private road, Quaid Road, was constructed in 1989 through what is now a Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and links Wangetti, on the coast just north of Cairns, to Southedge, just south of Mount Molloy. The road is not open to the public and is not used for general traffic.
A network of secondary and local roads of varying quality is maintained throughout the Cairns suburbs by the Queensland State Government Transport Department and Cairns City Council.
[edit] Coaches
Cairns is also served by long distance coaches to Brisbane, and regional cities to the south. Coaches also operate west to Mount Isa via Townsville and the Northern Territory. Desert Venturer Coaches operate twice weekly to Alice Springs and Darwin (weekly service in wet season).
[edit] Public transport
A public transport network is operated throughout the city by Marlin Coast Sunbus. A transit mall is located in the CBD through which all services operate. Services include most parts of the city, from Palm Cove on the Northern Beaches to Gordonvale in the south, all travelling via the CBD. Bus services operated by Whitecar Coaches run to Kuranda and to the Atherton Tableland. A smaller minibus service, Jon’s Kuranda Bus runs between Cairns and Kuranda. Cairns also has one major taxi company, Black and White Cabs, which services the Cairns region.
[edit] Rail
Cairns is the terminus for Queensland’s North Coast railway line, which follows the eastern seaboard from Brisbane. Services are operated by Queensland Rail (QR) and include the high speed tilt train. Freight trains operate along the route. There is a QR Freight handling facility located at Portsmith.
Pacific National Queensland (a division of Pacific National, owned by Toll Holdings) operates a rail siding at Woree. It runs private trains on the rail network owned by the Queensland State Government and managed by QR’s Network Division.
The Kuranda Scenic Railway operates from Cairns. The tourist railway snakes its way up the Kuranda Range and is not used for commuter services. It passes through the suburbs of Stratford, Freshwater (stopping at Freshwater Station) and Redlynch before reaching Kuranda.
Freight services to Forsayth were discontinued in the mid-1990s. These were mixed freight and passenger services which served the semi-remote towns west of the Great Dividing Range. There is now a weekly passenger-only service, “The Savannahlander” that leaves Cairns on Wednesday mornings. The Savannahlander is run by a private company, Cairns Kuranda Steam Trains.
Cairns is served by a narrow gauge cane railway (or cane train) network that hauls harvested sugar cane to the Mulgrave Mill located in Gordonvale. The pressure of urban sprawl on land previously cultivated by cane farmers has seen this network reduced over recent years. There has been discussion that these railway corridors may be used for a possible future light rail mass transit system, however no plans have been drawn up.[13]
The use of the existing heavy rail line for commuter services between Redlynch and Gordonvale is occasionally discussed; however this is not a favoured option under the FNQ 2010 Regional Plan, which recommends the use of buses.
[edit] Airport
Cairns International Airport
Cairns International Airport
Cairns Marina.
Cairns Marina.
Cairns International Airport is operated by the Cairns Port Authority and is located 7 km (4 mi) north of Cairns City between the CBD and the Northern Beaches. It is Australia’s sixth busiest domestic airport and fifth busiest international airport. In 2005/2006 there were 3.76 million international and domestic passenger movements.[14]
The Airport has a domestic terminal, a separate international terminal, and a general aviation area. The airport handles international flights, and flights to major Australian cities, tourist destinations, and regional destinations throughout North Queensland. It is an important base for general aviation serving the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria Communities. The Cairns airport is also a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
[edit] Sea port
The Cairns Seaport, located on Trinity Inlet, is operated by the Cairns Port Authority.[15] Most major tour operators have their check-in desks located inside the Reef Fleet Terminal. It serves as an important port for tourist operators providing daily reef trips. These consist of large catamarans capable of carrying over 300 passengers as well as smaller operators who may take as few as 12 tourists. Cairns Port is also a port of call for cruise ships, such as Captain Cook Cruises, cruising the South Pacific Ocean, and it provides freight services to coastal townships on Cape York Peninsula, the Torres Strait and the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Yearly cargo through the port totals 1.13 million tonnes. Almost 90% of the trade is bulk cargoes[14] - including petroleum, sugar, molasses, fertiliser and LP gas. A large number of fishing trawlers are also located at the port. There is also a marina that houses private yachts and boats used for tourist operations.
The Royal Australian Navy has a base in Cairns (HMAS Cairns).[16] The base has a complement of 900 personnel, and supports fourteen warships, including the four Armidale class patrol boats of Ardent Division, four of the six Balikpapan class landing craft, and all six ships of the Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service.[16]
The Trinity Wharf has recently been subject of a major redevelopment to improve the area for tourist and cruise ship operations. The freight wharves are located to the south of Trinity Wharf further up Trinity Inlet.
[edit] Sister cities
* Flag of Papua New Guinea Lae, Papua New Guinea (Morobe Province) since 1984
* Flag of Japan Minami, Japan (Tokushima Prefecture) since 1969
* Flag of Japan Oyama, Japan (Tochigi Prefecture) since June 15, 2006
* Flag of Latvia Riga, Latvia since 1990
* Flag of the United States Scottsdale, Arizona (USA) since 1987
* Flag of Canada Sidney, British Columbia (Canada) since 1984
* Flag of the People’s Republic of China Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China (Guangdong province) since 2004